Sample Environment for Operando Hard X-ray Tomography—An Enabling Technology for Multimodal Characterization in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Structure–activity relations in heterogeneous catalysis can be revealed through situ and operando measurements of catalysts their active state. While hard X-ray tomography is an ideal method for non-invasive, multimodal 3D structural characterization on the micron to nm scale, performing under controlled gas temperature conditions challenging. Here, we present a flexible sample environment at synchrotron radiation sources. The setup features are discussed, with demonstrations powder diffraction (XRD-CT) energy-dispersive tomographic absorption spectroscopy (ED-XAS-CT). Catalysts CO2 methanation partial oxidation methane shown as case studies. adapted different microscopy, spectroscopy, or scattering beamlines, compatible absorption, diffraction, fluorescence, phase-contrast imaging, operate scanning focused beam full-field acquisition mode. We accessible methodology studies, which offer unique source spatially resolved data unavailable contemporary methods.